Fatemeh Naeimi H. Pazand Quarterly 1735-2290 18 68 69 2024 07 22 An Investigation of the Political Significance of the City and Mint of Wah-az-Amid-Kovad in the Late Sasanian Period Based on Numismatic and Seal Evidence An Investigation of the Political Significance of the City and Mint of Wah-az-Amid-Kovad in the Late Sasanian Period Based on Numismatic and Seal Evidence 5 21 250473 FA Hakimeh Ahmadizadeh Shendi Ph.D. in the History of Pre-Islamic Iran, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Journal Article In the final decades of the Sasanian rule, when turmoil had engulfed the entire Ērānshahr and every claimant to the throne sought to dominate all provinces and consolidate their authority, the activity of the mint of the city known as wēh-az-āmīd-kawād increased significantly. The name of this city appears on coins with the mint signature WYHC, which represents the full name Wēh-az-Āmīd-Kawād. This raises the question of what factors led to the special importance of this city and the increasing repetition of its name on the coinage of kings and claimants to the throne in the late Sasanian period. This study aims to explain the political, economic, and strategic significance of the wēh-az-āmīd-kawād mint (WYHC) and to examine the reasons for the remarkable frequency of its name on late Sasanian coinage. The research method is based on library-based studies, analysis of historical and geographical sources, and a comparative examination of numismatic data and seals from this period. The findings show that Wēh-az-Āmīd-Kawād, founded by order of Kavād I, functioned as one of the key economic, administrative, and military centers and played a decisive role in the Sasanian power structure. The analysis of coinage also indicates that rulers such as Bōrān, Āzarmīgduxt, Khosrow III, Yazdegerd III, and other claimants to the throne issued coins from this mint in order to demonstrate authority and consolidate their political legitimacy. The results suggest that the city’s strategic location, the economic importance of the mint, and its role in legitimizing political power were the main factors behind the prominence and repeated appearance of wēh-az-āmīd-kawād on the coinage of the late Sasanian kings. In the final decades of the Sasanian rule, when turmoil had engulfed the entire Ērānshahr and every claimant to the throne sought to dominate all provinces and consolidate their authority, the activity of the mint of the city known as wēh-az-āmīd-kawād increased significantly. The name of this city appears on coins with the mint signature WYHC, which represents the full name Wēh-az-Āmīd-Kawād. This raises the question of what factors led to the special importance of this city and the increasing repetition of its name on the coinage of kings and claimants to the throne in the late Sasanian period. This study aims to explain the political, economic, and strategic significance of the wēh-az-āmīd-kawād mint (WYHC) and to examine the reasons for the remarkable frequency of its name on late Sasanian coinage. The research method is based on library-based studies, analysis of historical and geographical sources, and a comparative examination of numismatic data and seals from this period. The findings show that Wēh-az-Āmīd-Kawād, founded by order of Kavād I, functioned as one of the key economic, administrative, and military centers and played a decisive role in the Sasanian power structure. The analysis of coinage also indicates that rulers such as Bōrān, Āzarmīgduxt, Khosrow III, Yazdegerd III, and other claimants to the throne issued coins from this mint in order to demonstrate authority and consolidate their political legitimacy. The results suggest that the city’s strategic location, the economic importance of the mint, and its role in legitimizing political power were the main factors behind the prominence and repeated appearance of wēh-az-āmīd-kawād on the coinage of the late Sasanian kings.

https://www.pazand.ir/article_250473_4db065a9a78816a22fadc0880a9c0a4c.pdf

Fatemeh Naeimi H. Pazand Quarterly 1735-2290 18 68 69 2025 01 20 Single-Frequency Adjectives in Old Iranian Languages Single-Frequency Adjectives in Old Iranian Languages 23 38 250475 FA Nastaran Tavakoli Ph.D from: Tehran University, Faculty of Literature and Human Science Journal Article Iranian languages have historically undergone three diachronic stages of development: Old, Middle, and New. From a historical-linguistic perspective, the Old Iranian period spans from the composition of the Gathas (c. 12th–10th centuries BCE) to the end of the Achaemenid period (c. 300 BCE). This qualitative study was conducted with the aim of identifying and structurally analyzing single-frequency adjectives in Old Iranian languages (Avestan and Old Persian) and addressing the question of what morphological and textual distributional features characterize these adjectives. To this end, all adjectives recorded in Bartholomae’s authoritative dictionary (approximately 4,000 entries) were extracted and selected. After data refinement, single-frequency forms were isolated and subjected to structural analysis. The findings indicate that these adjectives display considerable structural diversity and encompass all adjectival types (simple, derived, compound, and phrasal). These forms were attested exclusively in Avestan texts, and no evidence of them was found in Old Persian, likely due to the limited corpus of surviving materials. The majority of the attested forms, most of which are derived adjectives, occur respectively in the Yasna, Vendidad, Mihr Yasht, Ordibehesht Yasht, Zamyad Yasht, and Ram Yasht. In this study, derived adjectives had the highest frequency with 45 instances, while compound adjectives ranked second with 9 instances. Iranian languages have historically undergone three diachronic stages of development: Old, Middle, and New. From a historical-linguistic perspective, the Old Iranian period spans from the composition of the Gathas (c. 12th–10th centuries BCE) to the end of the Achaemenid period (c. 300 BCE). This qualitative study was conducted with the aim of identifying and structurally analyzing single-frequency adjectives in Old Iranian languages (Avestan and Old Persian) and addressing the question of what morphological and textual distributional features characterize these adjectives. To this end, all adjectives recorded in Bartholomae’s authoritative dictionary (approximately 4,000 entries) were extracted and selected. After data refinement, single-frequency forms were isolated and subjected to structural analysis. The findings indicate that these adjectives display considerable structural diversity and encompass all adjectival types (simple, derived, compound, and phrasal). These forms were attested exclusively in Avestan texts, and no evidence of them was found in Old Persian, likely due to the limited corpus of surviving materials. The majority of the attested forms, most of which are derived adjectives, occur respectively in the Yasna, Vendidad, Mihr Yasht, Ordibehesht Yasht, Zamyad Yasht, and Ram Yasht. In this study, derived adjectives had the highest frequency with 45 instances, while compound adjectives ranked second with 9 instances.

https://www.pazand.ir/article_250475_ce18e54f3ed69e7f33b1b537d9b5d9d2.pdf

Fatemeh Naeimi H. Pazand Quarterly 1735-2290 18 68 69 2025 01 20 The Role of Body-Part Names in Expressing Cultural Concepts: An Analysis of Persian Colloquial Expression The Role of Body-Part Names in Expressing Cultural Concepts: An Analysis of Persian Colloquial Expression 39 52 250479 FA Reza Kheirabadi Ph.D. in Linguistics, Associate professor of Organization for Educational Research and Planning (OERP) Masume Kheirabadi Organization for Educational Research and Planning Journal Article The aim of this study is to examine cultural notions in Persian idioms whose structure includes at least one body-part term. The methodological approach is descriptive-analytical, and data were collected through library sources. Accordingly, two works were analyzed: “The Dictionary of Proverbs and Common Expressions in Persian” and “The Dictionary of Persian, English, and French Proverbs and Idioms,” and, ultimately, four hundred and twenty idioms were identified. The data were analyzed within the framework of cultural linguistics (Sharyfian, 2017). According to the results, the body-parts Head, Heart, Hand, and Eye show the highest frequencies in the constructions of the idioms under study. The head as a body-part in Persian idioms conceptualizes cultural categories such as cleverness, civility, danger, and certain emotions. The body-parts heart and nose play a prominent role in conceptualizing cultural notions of emotions. The eye, associated with the notions of respect, fear, and anger, while the body-parts of hand is employed to express negative reactions. The aim of this study is to examine cultural notions in Persian idioms whose structure includes at least one body-part term. The methodological approach is descriptive-analytical, and data were collected through library sources. Accordingly, two works were analyzed: “The Dictionary of Proverbs and Common Expressions in Persian” and “The Dictionary of Persian, English, and French Proverbs and Idioms,” and, ultimately, four hundred and twenty idioms were identified. The data were analyzed within the framework of cultural linguistics (Sharyfian, 2017). According to the results, the body-parts Head, Heart, Hand, and Eye show the highest frequencies in the constructions of the idioms under study. The head as a body-part in Persian idioms conceptualizes cultural categories such as cleverness, civility, danger, and certain emotions. The body-parts heart and nose play a prominent role in conceptualizing cultural notions of emotions. The eye, associated with the notions of respect, fear, and anger, while the body-parts of hand is employed to express negative reactions.

https://www.pazand.ir/article_250479_efd431bad09c782d196db2528052074a.pdf

Fatemeh Naeimi H. Pazand Quarterly 1735-2290 18 68 69 2025 01 20 Applications of Systemic Functional Linguistics in the Analysis of Language Disorders Applications of Systemic Functional Linguistics in the Analysis of Language Disorders 55 73 250483 FA Atoosa Rostambeik Tafreshi Assistant Professor, Linguistics Department, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. Journal Article Language disorders, particularly aphasia, have traditionally been examined within speech-language pathology through psychological and linguistic approaches that focus on the internal structure of language. Within these frameworks, language is typically conceptualized as a system of syntactic, lexical, and semantic rules represented in the individual's mind, and language impairment is generally defined as a deficit affecting one or more of these components. Despite their descriptive value, these approaches have been criticized for paying insufficient attention to language use in authentic interaction and to the role of social context in meaning-making. By conceptualizing language as a system of meaning-making choices realized in relation to the context of situation, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) offers a more comprehensive framework for examining the linguistic abilities and limitations of individuals with language disorders. Drawing on theoretical foundations and findings from previous research, this paper explores the contribution of the functional approach to the assessment, analysis, and rehabilitation of language disorders. A review of the literature indicates that discourse analysis informed by SFL can move beyond the mere identification and quantification of linguistic errors to reveal how individuals utilize linguistic resources to construe experience, enact interpersonal relationships, and organize texts. Furthermore, this approach provides a valuable framework for designing therapeutic interventions grounded in individuals’ real-life communicative needs. Language disorders, particularly aphasia, have traditionally been examined within speech-language pathology through psychological and linguistic approaches that focus on the internal structure of language. Within these frameworks, language is typically conceptualized as a system of syntactic, lexical, and semantic rules represented in the individual's mind, and language impairment is generally defined as a deficit affecting one or more of these components. Despite their descriptive value, these approaches have been criticized for paying insufficient attention to language use in authentic interaction and to the role of social context in meaning-making. By conceptualizing language as a system of meaning-making choices realized in relation to the context of situation, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) offers a more comprehensive framework for examining the linguistic abilities and limitations of individuals with language disorders. Drawing on theoretical foundations and findings from previous research, this paper explores the contribution of the functional approach to the assessment, analysis, and rehabilitation of language disorders. A review of the literature indicates that discourse analysis informed by SFL can move beyond the mere identification and quantification of linguistic errors to reveal how individuals utilize linguistic resources to construe experience, enact interpersonal relationships, and organize texts. Furthermore, this approach provides a valuable framework for designing therapeutic interventions grounded in individuals’ real-life communicative needs.

https://www.pazand.ir/article_250483_6ce956ae75aed85c1076977ea44c12df.pdf

Fatemeh Naeimi H. Pazand Quarterly 1735-2290 18 68 69 2025 01 20 Kar-Fish: A Mythological and Etymological Study Kar-Fish: A Mythological and Etymological Study 75 107 250485 FA Aydin Golrouh M.A. in Iranian ancient languages, Allame Tabatabai University Journal Article This study examines the role and position of the Kar-fish in Avestan mythology and seeks, through an analytical and interdisciplinary approach, to clarify the symbolic, mythological, and ecological dimensions of this creature. The central question of this research is whether the Kar-fish is merely a mythological entity born of imagination, or whether it can be considered a reflection of a real species in nature that has been mythologically represented in ancient Iranian traditions. To this end, in addition to analyzing Avestan descriptions—including its massive size, high reproductive rate, and habitat in the Arang River—and utilizing historical and cultural data, possible correspondences between mythological characteristics and real fish species were investigated. The findings indicate that although ancient descriptions diverge from biological realities due to the ancients’ limited understanding of zoology and a tendency toward mythological exaggeration, a certain species of catfish, by virtue of its large size, predatory power in large rivers, and instinctive behavior, bears the closest resemblance to the Kar-fish of the Avestan texts and is likely the inspiration for the formation of this belief within the ancient Iranian system of thought. By distinguishing between symbolic aspects and biological realities, the results of this study contribute to a deeper and more systematic understanding of the significance of the Kar-fish in Zoroastrian tradition. This study examines the role and position of the Kar-fish in Avestan mythology and seeks, through an analytical and interdisciplinary approach, to clarify the symbolic, mythological, and ecological dimensions of this creature. The central question of this research is whether the Kar-fish is merely a mythological entity born of imagination, or whether it can be considered a reflection of a real species in nature that has been mythologically represented in ancient Iranian traditions. To this end, in addition to analyzing Avestan descriptions—including its massive size, high reproductive rate, and habitat in the Arang River—and utilizing historical and cultural data, possible correspondences between mythological characteristics and real fish species were investigated. The findings indicate that although ancient descriptions diverge from biological realities due to the ancients’ limited understanding of zoology and a tendency toward mythological exaggeration, a certain species of catfish, by virtue of its large size, predatory power in large rivers, and instinctive behavior, bears the closest resemblance to the Kar-fish of the Avestan texts and is likely the inspiration for the formation of this belief within the ancient Iranian system of thought. By distinguishing between symbolic aspects and biological realities, the results of this study contribute to a deeper and more systematic understanding of the significance of the Kar-fish in Zoroastrian tradition.

https://www.pazand.ir/article_250485_673f6953ff11c58d8fa0c5ab1c7b0226.pdf

Fatemeh Naeimi H. Pazand Quarterly 1735-2290 18 68 69 2025 01 20 Cognitive Typology of Motion Events in the Gilaki Language Cognitive Typology of Motion Events in the Gilaki Language 109 124 250489 FA Fatemeh Naeimi Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies 0000-0003-0580-8001 Journal Article An event is a part of reality whose boundaries are determined by the human mind. Events are conceptualized based on a specific type of internal structure and a degree of combinability. One of the events that is considered to be part of the fundamental human experiences and has become widespread and common in our daily life and communication needs is the event of movement. Talmy (1985) describes the event of movement as an object or body moving or in a static state with respect to another object, that is, the context. In the present study, the intention is to examine the representation of the event of movement in speakers of the Gilaki language with respect to Talmy's cognitive taxonomy. What is intended in this study is to first determine the verbs of movement and the lexicalization patterns of these verbs in the Gilaki language (according to the Wilkins questionnaire), then the context and direction of movement in these patterns are determined, and finally, based on Talmy's dual classification of the verb base and the function base, the position of the Gilaki language in this classification is determined. Based on the findings of the present study, the Gilaki language is located in a continuum of path-marking and mode-marking verbs. An event is a part of reality whose boundaries are determined by the human mind. Events are conceptualized based on a specific type of internal structure and a degree of combinability. One of the events that is considered to be part of the fundamental human experiences and has become widespread and common in our daily life and communication needs is the event of movement. Talmy (1985) describes the event of movement as an object or body moving or in a static state with respect to another object, that is, the context. In the present study, the intention is to examine the representation of the event of movement in speakers of the Gilaki language with respect to Talmy's cognitive taxonomy. What is intended in this study is to first determine the verbs of movement and the lexicalization patterns of these verbs in the Gilaki language (according to the Wilkins questionnaire), then the context and direction of movement in these patterns are determined, and finally, based on Talmy's dual classification of the verb base and the function base, the position of the Gilaki language in this classification is determined. Based on the findings of the present study, the Gilaki language is located in a continuum of path-marking and mode-marking verbs.

https://www.pazand.ir/article_250489_a4e0696703e2cc0aba342006265b923f.pdf